Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. Pages: 26. Chapters: Geisha, Noh, Kumi Odori, Bon Festival, Para Para, Kagura, Yosakoi, Shiraby shi, Otemoyan, Parasol dance, Eisa, Goshu ondo, Kenshibu, Kuichaa, Kach sh, S ran Bushi, GooSayTen, Buy, Shan-shan festival. Excerpt: Geisha ), Geiko () or Geigi () are traditional, female Japanese entertainers whose skills include performing various Japanese arts such as classical music and dance. Geisha (pronounced, Japanese: ), like all Japanese nouns, has no distinct singular or plural variants. The word consists of two kanji, (gei) meaning "art" and (sha) meaning "person" or "doer." The most literal translation of geisha into English would be "artist" or "performing artist." Another name for geisha used in Japan is geiko (, which is usually used to refer to geisha from Western Japan, including Kyoto. Apprentice geisha are called maiko ( or ), literally "dance child") or hangyoku ( ), "half-jewel" (meaning that they are paid half the wage of a full geisha), or by the more generic term o-shaku (), literally "one who pours (alcohol)." The white make-up and elaborate kimono and hair of a maiko is the popular image held of geisha. A woman entering the geisha community does not have to start out as a maiko, having the opportunity to begin her career as a full geisha. Either way, however, usually a year's training is involved before debuting either as a maiko or as a geisha. A woman above 21 is considered too old to be a maiko and becomes a full geisha upon her initiation into the geisha community. However, those who do go through the maiko stage can enjoy more prestige later in their professional lives. The only modern hangyoku that can apprentice before the age of eighteen are in Kyoto. So on average, Tokyo hangyoku (who typically begin at 18) are slightly older than their Kyoto counterparts (who usually start at 15)....