From the legendary founding on the Tiber's banks to the final collapse of imperial authority, Rome's trajectory shaped the Western world for millennia. This comprehensive history examines how a small Italian city-state transformed into history's most influential empire, then fragmented under its own weight. Drawing on archaeological evidence, contemporary accounts, and modern scholarship, the narrative traces Rome's evolution through distinct phases: the republican experiment in shared governance, the imperial expansion that brought unprecedented wealth and diversity, and the gradual disintegration that redefined European civilization. Key turning points receive careful analysis—the Punic Wars that established Mediterranean dominance, Caesar's crossing of the Rubicon, Augustus's constitutional settlement, the crisis of the third century, and the empire's division into eastern and western spheres. Beyond military campaigns and political intrigue, the book explores daily life, engineering achievements, legal innovations, and religious transformations that made Rome's cultural influence endure long after its legions disbanded. The rise of Christianity, administrative reforms, and the complex relationship between center and periphery reveal an empire constantly adapting to internal pressures and external threats.