Language, written or spoken, encodes the values and practices of its speakers. This book utilizes the rigorously reconstructed Proto-Indo-European language to examine the relationship those speakers had with the horse. Examination of the entire range of terms relating not only to horses but other domesticated animals, means of transport, and rituals provides strong evidence that the Proto-Indo-Europeans were among the earliest people to use wheeled transport and to ride horses. However, the notion that the horse was primarily used as a weapon of war finds little support in the linguistic evidence, and the idea that Proto-Indo-European society was primarily focused on warfare and aggression is discounted.