They Fought Back traces the phases of Jewish resistance during the Holocaust, beginning with the cultural and spiritual resistance of Europe's ghettoized Jews and culminating in armed resistance in ghettos, forests, and death camps. Confronted with the destruction of their previous lives, newly ghettoized Jews began reconstructing elements of the institutions that had once defined their communities: schools, orphanages, clinics, soup kitchens, libraries, orchestras, and even cabarets and theatres. Ghetto inhabitants transformed spaces of fear and sudden death into centres of intense activity, sustaining life and dignity while countering despair. This resistance was rooted in a determination to live. In its later phase of armed resistance, few fighters believed survival was possible. Many, shaped by the ethos of Jewish youth movements, focused instead on how to face death with purpose, seeking to inflict damage on their oppressors, save what lives they could, and preserve Jewish honour. The stories presented in this work explore the psychological and communal consequences of confronting not only life-threatening danger but the certainty of death, examining how individuals and communities respond in extremis.