The ultimate illustrated guide to elephants and their prehistoric relatives Today, only three species of elephants survive—the African savanna elephant (Loxodonta africana), the African forest elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis), and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). However, these modern giants represent just a fraction of the vast and diverse order Proboscidea, which includes not only living elephants but also their many extinct relatives. Over the past 60 million years, proboscideans have evolved and adapted across five continents, giving rise to an astonishing variety of forms, from the massive, woolly-coated mammoths of the Ice Age to the diminutive, island-dwelling dwarf elephants. This book offers a comprehensive exploration of proboscidean biology and evolutionary history, shedding light on the remarkable diversity of these extraordinary mammals. It delves into the anatomical characteristics of every known species, from the towering steppe mammoth (Mammuthus trogontherii) and the shovel-tusked Amebelodon to the semi-aquatic Moeritherium and the enigmatic Deinotherium. Readers will discover how these creatures developed an array of specialized adaptations, including variations in tusk shape and function, highly flexible trunks suited for different feeding strategies, and unique dental structures that allowed them to process a wide range of vegetation. Accompanied by stunning illustrations by Shu-yu Hsu, Elephants and Their Fossil Relatives brings these ancient giants back to life, offering a visually captivating and scientifically rigorous journey through their evolutionary past. Whether you are a paleontology enthusiast, a student of evolutionary biology, or a researcher in the field, this book serves as an indispensable reference for understanding one of the most extraordinary groups of animals ever to walk the earth. Brings together all known elephant species and their fossil relatives in a single volume for the first time Covers more than 230 extinct species ranging in size from creatures no larger than a chihuahua to colossal giants weighing up to three times the mass of modern elephants Features hundreds of stunning full-color illustrations and cutting-edge 3D reconstructions—many restored for the first time Delves into the biology and behavior of modern elephants, answering key questions about their anatomy, behavior, and profound impact on human culture Draws on groundbreaking studies of ancient proteins, isotopes, and DNA A must-have for elephant lovers everywhere