The greatest surgical breakthrough of the 20th century was performed by a man who wasn't allowed to be called a doctor. Born in Jim Crow America and barred from medical school, Vivien Thomas was a gifted carpenter who became the essential surgical genius behind the invention of modern cardiac medicine. At the height of institutional segregation, Thomas partnered with the ambitious white surgeon Dr. Alfred Blalock at Johns Hopkins. Their complex, decades-long collaboration culminated in the revolutionary Blalock-Taussig shunt-a groundbreaking operation that saved thousands of children afflicted with "blue baby syndrome." Yet, for years, Thomas was paid as a janitor, forced to enter the hospital through the back door, even as he stood on a stool behind Blalock in the operating room, guiding the chief surgeon through the delicate procedure he alone had mastered. This is the powerful, definitive, and long-overdue story of a technical master whose quiet genius redefined medical history, mentored an entire generation of future surgeons, and ultimately forced America's most prestigious institutions to reckon with the color line. Approx.158 pages, 28800 word count