James a Scottish inventor; mechanical engineer; and chemist whose Watt steam engine; an improvement of the Newcomen steam engine; was fundamental to the changes brought by the Industrial Revolution in both his native Great Britain and the rest of the world. While working as an instrument maker at the University of Glasgow; Watt became interested in the technology of steam engines. He realised that contemporary engine designs wasted a great deal of energy by repeatedly cooling and reheating the cylinder. Watt introduced a design enhancement; the separate condenser; which avoided this waste of energy and radically improved the power; efficiency; and cost-effectiveness of steam engines. Eventually he adapted his engine to produce rotary motion; greatly broadening its use beyond pumping water.