This book analyses the growth of disciplinary knowledge in modern China through Sino-foreign cultural exchange. It examines Western influences and the transformation of Chinese academic thought through "modern scientific disciplines" rather than mere westernization based on the "nationality" of knowledge. Historically, this transformation is not the unidirectional "eastward dissemination of Western learning," but the "introduction of West learning into China" with more active participation and choice by Chinese scholars. This understanding of the historical process focuses more on the innovation of the medium of knowledge, emphasizing the material and technological background of the dissemination of Western learning.