Part I.Preparing the ground.Vitoria and Waterloo : French music and the Peninsular Wars --Pictures and jottings : Carmen and the rise of Andalusian tourism --Spain on the Paris stage --Part II.Fictions, realities, structures.From novella to libretto --Libretto into opera --The forgotten Englishman --Part III.Characterisation, music and the staging of place.Carmen's places --Carmen the gypsy --In the pit, on the stage.