Long regarded as a problem play, Measure for Measure has provoked much critical disagreement. Staged during James I’s first Christmas at Whitehall, it was doubtlessly written to further his patronage of Shakespeare’s acting company the King’s Men. Dramatizing James’s view that justice should be tempered with mercy, its theme involved fornication, or sex without a church wedding, which was not unrelated to the dramatist’s own past. Duke Vincentio, intended as a surrogate for James, wished to see the guilty punished with the death penalty, but Shakespeare’s use of ambiguity, in permitting varied interpretations, ensured that the play, as a Christmas comedy, would have pleased King James while allowing Shakespeare’s own response to have been different from the king’s.