Food supplements and functional foods play a key role in personalized nutrition plans, claiming to modulate physiological functions based on individual needs. As the field of personalized nutrition evolves, it is crucial to consider the safety implications of these products, particularly given their increasing use in recent decades. Although generally perceived as safe, food supplements and functional foods may pose food safety challenges. Additionally, it is important to consider that regulatory inconsistencies across jurisdictions, including definitions and requirements, contribute to significant diversity in the regulation of these products worldwide. This publication by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) provides a comprehensive overview of potential safety concerns associated with food supplements and functional foods. It examines regulatory frameworks across different regions, highlighting variations in classification, labelling, composition, registration and claims. The report also explores consumer perceptions of these products, analysing the motivations behind their use. As scientific understanding of food’s impact on human health advances, regulatory frameworks may need to adapt to address emerging innovations and safety challenges. FAO remains committed to collaborating with its members and stakeholders to enhance knowledge-sharing on food safety, supporting competent authorities in protecting public health.