This dissertation, "A Nurse-initiated Nasogastric Tube Replacement Protocol for Adults Receiving Artificial Nutrition to Improve the Efficiency of AED Services" by Wing-hang, Lam, 林詠恆, was obtained from The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong) and is being sold pursuant to Creative Commons: Attribution 3.0 Hong Kong License. The content of this dissertation has not been altered in any way. We have altered the formatting in order to facilitate the ease of printing and reading of the dissertation. All rights not granted by the above license are retained by the author. Abstract: Overcrowding in emergency departments is a worldwide problem. The non-urgent utilization of the emergency service is considered a serious threat to the quality of care delivered. Patients in stable condition admitted for nasogastric tube dislodgement is one of the typical examples observed in Hong Kong. According to the triage protocol, the waiting time for consultation is estimated to be at least 120 minutes for patients triaged into non-urgent categories, with the total length of stay possibly prolonged in cases of resuscitation. Consequently, these patients are at risks of feeding regime disturbance and altered nutrition. Nasogastric tube insertion is a basic nursing procedure in most clinical settings in Hong Kong. However, under current practice, nurses in the emergency department are not allowed to initiate the procedure unless a medical consultation has been performed, not even for patients in stable condition. In order to reduce the length of stay of these patients and minimize possible complications resulted from the delayed treatment, it is suggested to switch the practice from physician-led to nurse-led. This translational nursing research project was i) to explore and evaluate the effectiveness of nurse-led care for stable patients in various healthcare settings through a systematic literature review, ii) to develop an evidence-based protocol of nurse-initiated nasogastric tube replacement, iii) to assess its feasibility and applicability in a local emergency department, as well as iv) to develop strategies for the implementation and evaluation of the new practice. A systematic literature review was undertaken using four electronic databases, namely MEDLINE, CINAHL, Cochrane Library and British Nursing Index. Search terms "nurse-led," "nurse-initiated," "training," "effect$" were used. A total of 1,994 relevant citations were retrieved. Ten randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria and were finally selected. Extracted data and methodological qualities of the included studies were assessed using a structured appraisal instrument. All studies generated high level of evidence on the effectiveness of nurse-initiated interventions provided to stable patients in various healthcare settings, which included the improvement of patients' health outcomes, reduction of waiting time for consultations, increased level of patient satisfaction. The quality of nurse-led practice was of the same standard as the usual practice led by doctors. The nurse- initiated intervention was further enhanced by the provision of training and collaboration with medical staff. Six evidence-based recommendations were devised for the nurse-initiated nasogastric tube replacement protocol. It included i) provision of training, ii) development of patient assessment form for the protocol, iii) initiation of baseline assessment for eligible patients and iv) radiographic verification by nurses, v) collaboration with medical staff, and vi) ongoing evaluation of the implementation. The nurse-initiated nasogastric tube replacement for stable patients is an effective solution to the problem of overcrowding in emergency department. Further development of non-urgent treatments and services led by emergency nurses should be considered. DOI: 10.5353/th_b5088384 Subjects: Stomach - Intubation